|
Hindustānī, also known as Hindi-Urdu, comprises several closely related dialects in the northern, central and northwestern part of the Indian subcontinent (see Hindustan). It encompasses two standardized registers in the forms of the official languages Hindi and Urdu, as well as several nonstandard dialects. Because Hindustani is not an immediate descendant of Sanskrit, the origin of common Hindustani words can be obscure. Standard Hindi derives much of its formal and technical vocabulary from Sanskrit while standard Urdu derives much of its formal and technical vocabulary from Persian. Standard Hindi and Urdu are used primarily in public addresses and radio or TV news, while the everyday spoken language is one of several varieties of Hindustani, whose vocabulary contains words drawn from Persian, Arabic, and Sanskrit. In addition, spoken Hindustani includes words from English, Dravidian Languages, and several other languages. Hindustani developed over several centuries throughout much of the northern subcontinent including the areas that compromise modern day India, Pakistan and Nepal. In the same way that the core vocabulary of English evolved from Old English (Anglo-Saxon) but assimilated a large number of words borrowed from French and other languages (whose pronunciations often changed naturally so as to become easier for speakers of English to pronounce), what may be called Hindustani can be said to have evolved from Sanskrit while borrowing many Persian and Arabic words over the years, and changing the pronunciations (and often even the meanings) of these words to make them easier for Hindustani speakers to pronounce. A large number of Persian words entered the Hindustani lexicon due to the influence of the Turco-Mongol Mughal rulers of north India, who followed a very Persianised culture and also spoke Persian. Many Arabic words entered Hindustani via Persian, which had previously been assimilated into the Persian language due to the influence of Arabs in the area. The dialect of Persian spoken by the Mughal ruling elite was known as 'Dari', which is the dialect of Persian spoken in modern-day Afghanistan. Therefore, Hindustani is the naturally developed common language of north India. This article will deal with the separate categories of Hindustani words and some of the common words found in the Hindustani language. == Traditional categorization of Hindustani (Hindi-Urdu) words in Hindi pedagogy== Words in Hindustani are analysed in traditional Hindi pedagogy as falling into the following categories:〔Masica, p. 65〕 * Tadbhava (तद्भव/تَدبهَو ''derived from''): There are words that are derived from Sanskrit or Prakrit, but often with phonetic or morphological transformation. * Tatsama (तत्सम/تَتسَم ''identical''): Words which are spelled exactly the same in written Hindi as they are in standard Sanskrit. * Deshaja (देशज/دیشَج ''local''): Words that cannot be traced back to Sanskrit, and are of local origin. * Videshi (विदेशी/وِدیشی ''foreign''): Loan words from non-Indian languages that include Persian, Turkish, Arabic, Portuguese, or English. The use of ''tatsama'' words was much less common in Apabhramsha. The most common words in Hindustani are ''tadbhava'' and are derived through Prakrit and Apabhramsha. Urdu as spoken in Pakistan and some Indian states, and Hindi as spoken in India, other than using a different script, are often very similar. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Hindustani etymology」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|